Energy__"a unique power"

 

Since childhood, till now you and we have not known how many times you must have heard from the mouth of others whether you do not have the energy to do this work.  And where does this energy come from?  Can it be born by itself?  Whether life is possible without energy, no matter how many questions related to energy keep coming in our mind, let us share some important information on this topic today.

  ## Energy __ a unique power ###

 Energy is the ability to function and is essential for life processes.  An energy resource is something that can heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity.  The substance that stores energy is called fuel.  Consumption of human energy has increased rapidly h.  human history.  Early humans had modest energy requirements, mostly food and fuel for fires to cook and keep warm.  In today's society, man consumes 110 times more energy per person than he receives.  Most of the energy we use today comes from fossil fuels (stored solar energy).  But one disadvantage of fossil fuels is that they are non-renewable on human time, and cause other potentially harmful effects on the environment.  In any event, the exploitation of all energy sources (with the possible exception of direct solar energy for heating), ultimately depends on materials on planet Earth.

  ##Type of energy##

  The types of energy can be classified into two broad categories - kinetic energy (energy of moving objects) and potential energy (stored energy).  These are the two basic forms of energy.  The various types of energy include thermal energy, radiant energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, electric energy, motion energy, sound energy, elastic energy, and gravitational energy.

 # Thermal (Heat) Energy

 Thermal energy is created by the vibration of atoms and molecules within matter.  The faster they move, the more energy they have and they become warmer.  This energy is also called heat energy.

 ## electric energy

 Electrical energy is the motion of electrons (small particles that form atoms, along with protons and neutrons).  Electrons moving through a wire are called electricity.

 ##radiant energy

 Also known as light energy or electromagnetic energy, radiant energy is a type of kinetic energy that travels in waves.  Examples include energy from the Sun, X-rays, and radio waves.

 Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation.  Light consists of photons, which are produced when atoms of an object are heated.  Light travels in waves and is the only form of energy visible to the human eye.

 ### Motion Energy

 Motion energy - or mechanical energy - is the energy stored in objects;  As objects move faster, more energy is stored.  Examples of motion energy include wind, a flowing river, a moving car or a person walking.

 ###sound Energy

 Sound energy is the movement of energy through substances.  It moves in waves and is generated when a force vibrates an object or substance.  Sound usually has much less energy than other forms of energy.
  Examples of sound energy are the song played on __stereo, your voice

 ### Elastic Energy

 Elastic energy is a form of potential energy that is stored in an elastic object - such as a coiled spring or a stretched elastic band.  Elastic objects store elastic energy, when a force causes them to stretch or squash.

 #### Mechanical Energy #####

 Mechanical energy is the energy that arises from the movement or location of an object.  Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.

 Example: An object possessing mechanical energy has both kinetic and potential energy, although the energy of any one form can be equal to zero.  A moving car has kinetic energy.  If you take the car up a mountain, it has kinetic and potential energy.  A book sitting on a table has potential energy.

 ##Nuclear Energy##

 Atomic energy is the energy produced by changes in nuclear nuclei or by nuclear reactions.

 Examples: Nuclear fission, nuclear fusion and nuclear decay are examples of nuclear energy.  Nuclear explosions or power from a nuclear plant are typical examples of this type of energy.

 ##chemical energy##

 Chemical energy is generated by chemical reactions between atoms or molecules.  There are various types of chemical energies, such as electrochemical energy and chemical fluorescence.

 Example: A good example of chemical energy is an electrochemical cell or battery.

 ## electromagnetic energy ##

 Electromagnetic energy (or radiant energy) is energy from light or electromagnetic waves.

 Example: Any form of light has electromagnetic energy, which can also include parts of the spectrum.  Radio, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves, and ultraviolet light are some examples of electromagnetic energy.

 ## Gravitational Energy ##

 The energy associated with gravity involves the attraction between two objects based on their mass.  It can serve as a basis for mechanical energy, such as the potential energy of an object placed on a shelf or the kinetic energy of the moon in orbit around the Earth.

 Example: Gravitational energy holds the atmosphere on Earth.

 ##kinetic energy##

 Dynamic energy is the energy of motion of a body.  It ranges from 0 to a positive value.

 Example: An example is a child swinging on a swing.  It does not matter whether the swing is moving forward or backward, the value of kinetic energy is never negative.

 ## potential energy ##

 Potential energy is the energy of the position of an object.

 Example: When a swinging child reaches the top of the arc, he has maximum potential energy.  When it is closest to the ground, its potential energy is at its minimum (0).  Another example is throwing a ball in the air.  At the highest point, the potential energy is greatest.  As the ball rises or falls, there is a combination of capacity and kinetic energy.

 ## Ionization Energy ##

 Ionization energy is the form of energy that binds electrons to the nucleus of its atom, ion, or molecule.

 Example: The first ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to completely eject an electron.  The second ionization energy is the energy to eject a second electron and is greater than that required to eject the first electron.

 **** Increasing Energy Requirements ****

 Energy has always been closely linked to man's economic growth and development.  Current strategies for development that focus on rapid economic development have used energy use as an index of economic development.  This index does not, however, take into account the long-term ill effects on society of excessive energy use.
 For nearly 200 years, coal was the primary energy source fueling the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century.  At the end of the 20th century, oil accounted for 39% of the world's commercial energy consumption, followed by coal (24%) and natural gas (24%), while nuclear (7%) and hydro / renewable (6%).  Was accounted  For the remainder.
 Industrialization, urbanization and incredible growth in human settlements have increased the energy requirement manifold.  Modern lifestyles and man's increasing reliance on machines and equipment for his personal and business functions have increased the demand for energy.  According to WEO-2016, published by the International Energy Agency, global oil demand continues to grow until 2040 due to a lack of easy alternatives to oil in road oil, aviation and petrochemicals.

 *** Renewable Energy Resources ***

 Renewable energy systems use resources that are constantly replaced and generally less polluting.  Examples include hydropower, solar, wind and geothermal (energy from the heat inside the earth).  We also get renewable energy from burning trees and even as fuel and processing other plants into biofuels.

 ## Air Energy ##

 The moving wind or wind carries a large amount of kinetic energy, and can be transferred to electric energy using a wind turbine.  The air moves the blades, which rotate a shaft, which is further connected to a generator, which generates electricity.  Converting wind power to electricity requires an average wind speed of 14 mph.  Around 4% of the global demand for electricity from wind power was met in 2015, with around 63 GW of new wind energy capacity installed.

 ##solar energy##

 Solar energy is light and heat from the sun.  This is harnessed using a continuous technique.  In 2014, global solar generation was 186 terawatt-hours, slightly less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity.  Italy has the largest proportion of solar energy in the world.  In the opinion of the International Energy Agency, the development of inexpensive, unbreakable and clean solar energy technologies will have long-term benefits.

 ##biomass energy##

 When a log is lit we are using biomass energy.  As plants and trees grow on sunlight, biomass energy is a form of stored solar energy.  Although wood is the largest source of biomass energy, agricultural waste, sugarcane waste, and other agricultural by-products are also used to produce energy.

 ## hydroelectric power ##

 The energy generated by water is called hydropower.  Hydroelectric power stations are installed in many parts of the world, both large and small, to produce electricity.  Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region accounting for 32 percent of global hydropower production in 2010.  In 2015, hydroelectricity generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity.

 ## Tidal and Wave Power ##

 Earth's surface is 70% water.  By heating the water, the sun creates air that produces ocean currents and waves.  It is estimated that solar energy absorbed by the tropical oceans in one week could equal the world's oil reserves - 1 trillion barrels of oil.

 ##geothermal energy##

 It is the energy stored within the Earth ("Earth" for Earth and "Thermal for Heat").  Geothermal energy begins with hot, molten rock (called magma) inside the Earth, which forms the surface in parts of the Earth's crust.  The heat emitted from the magma heats underground pools of water known as geological reservoirs.  If an opening occurs, hot underground water comes to the surface and forms hot springs, or can boil it to form geysers.  With modern technology, wells are drilled deep below the surface of the earth to tap into geological reservoirs.  This is called the direct use of geothermal energy, and provides a steady stream of hot water that is pumped to the Earth's surface.

 **** Energy speeds up life. ****

 The cycle of energy is based on the flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.  Our ecosystem is made up of cycling energy and nutrients derived from various external sources.  At the first trophic level, primary producers use solar energy to produce organic materials through photosynthesis.


 Vegetarians, at the second trophic level, use plants as food that gives them energy.  A large part of this energy is used for the metabolic functions of these animals such as breathing, digesting food, supporting the growth of tissues, blood circulation and maintaining body temperature.


 On the next trophic level, carnivores receive vegetarian energy for their livelihood and development.  If large predators are present, they still represent high trophic levels and they feed on carnivores to obtain energy.  Thus, different plant and animal species are linked to each other through the food chain.


 Decomposers include bacteria, fungi, molds, insects and insects that break down wastes and dead organisms, and return nutrients to the soil, which is then taken up by growers.  During decomposition the energy is not recycled, but is released.

 ## biogeochemical cycle ##

 All elements of the Earth are recycled repeatedly.  Key elements such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are essential elements that make up organisms.
 Biochemical cycles refer to the flow of such chemical elements and compounds between organisms and the physical environment.  Chemicals taken by organisms pass through the food chain and return to soil, air, and water through mechanisms such as respiration, excretion, and decomposition.
 When an element undergoes this cycle, it often forms compounds with other elements, resulting in metabolic processes in living tissues and natural reactions, hydrospheres, or lithospheres in the atmosphere.
 Such cyclic exchange of material between living organisms and their non-living environment is called Biogeochemical Cycle.

 *** Following are some important biochemical cycles ***

 #carbon cycle##

 Carbon enters the living world as carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis in the form of carbohydrates.  These organic compounds (food) are then passed from producers to consumers (vegetarian and non-vegetarian).  This carbon is eventually returned to the surrounding medium by the process of decomposition by respiration or decomposition of plants and animals.  Carbon is also recycled during the burning of fossil fuels.

 ## nitrogen cycle ##

 Nitrogen is present in the atmosphere in an initial form and thus cannot be used by living organisms.  This elemental form of nitrogen is converted by some bacteria to a state combined with elements such as H, C, O, so that it can be easily used by plants.
 Nitrogen is constantly being expelled into the air by the action of microorganisms such as stigmatizing bacteria and eventually returning to the cycle through the action of light and electrification.

 ##the water cycle##

 Evaporation of water from the sea, rivers, lakes and evaporation plants leads to water in the atmosphere as vapor.  This evaporated water subsequently cools and condenses to form clouds and water.  This cold water vapor eventually returns to Earth in the form of rain and snow, completing the cycle.

 ## Origin of Energy ##

 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.  It is an universal law (always true in all the illusions).  In our normal routine, we often need energy in the form of electricity.  Sometimes we also use energy in mechanical form, such as driving a car with oil or petrol.  If the energy is in some form, then we cannot use it abruptly, like the friction of two objects emits thermal (heat related) energy but we cannot run the fan or bulb of the house.  Therefore, it is very important to have energy in the right form for daily use.  The energy source centers in the country and the world basically do the work of changing the source of energy.  For example, solar cells convert the energy from the sun's rays into electricity;  Windmills convert mechanical (ie mechanical) energy of winds into electricity;  Turn the mechanical energy of the flow of water through a turbine into electricity through a turbine, etc.

 There is energy in the water falling from a height because it can rotate a wheel to generate electricity.

##Principle of Energy Conservation ##

 Energy can neither be generated nor destroyed, it can only be transferred from one form to another.
 • E = mc², a famous formula of the all time great physicist Albert Einstein, challenged the energy conservation principle because according to the formula energy can be generated by destroying energy and mass by destroying it while the principle of conservation of energy states that  Energy can neither be generated nor destroyed.
 To overcome the above difficulties, the new law of energy conservation energy conservation is defined as follows:
 Both the energy and mass of the universe are preserved and can be converted from one form to another.

 ### Introduction to Major Energy Sources ###

 Energy sources are used as fuel.  Fuel is burned in machinery (such as in a car) or heat (such as in a home heating system) to create momentum.  When fuel is used to produce electricity, heat or momentum causes a generator to rotate, generating electricity for everyday use in homes and businesses.
 Energy sources can be classified into two types: nonrenewable and renewable.  Unreachable resources, such as fossil fuels and nuclear materials, are removed from the earth and can be destroyed.  These resources are the most used energy in the modern era.
 Renewable resources, such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal, come from sources that regenerate as fast as they are consumed and continuously available.  Some, such as biofuels produced from food crops and other plants, have to be replenished every growing season.  In the early twenty-first century, renewable sources have become more popular as inaccessible sources have begun to diminish

  ## There are 5 basic sources of energy: ##

 ** Nuclear fusion in the sun (solar energy)

  ** Gravity generated by Earth and Moon.

  ** Nuclear fission reactions.

 ** Energy in the interior of the Earth.

  ** Energy stored in chemical bonds.

 ## solar energy##

  Solar energy comes from the Sun by electromagnetic radiation.  It can be used for direct heat and can be converted into electricity for other uses.  It is an almost unlimited source, it is renewable, and on a large scale, non-polluting.

  ** Gravity _ generated by Earth and Moon. **

  The gravitational pull of the Moon on Earth causes tides.  Tidal current can be exploited to drive the turbine.  It is also an almost unlimited source of energy and is largely non-polluting.

  The combination of both solar energy and gravity provides other useful sources of energy.  Solar radiation heats the air and evaporates the water.  The cooler air sinks due to gravity and becomes water vapor.  Gravity then draws the condensed water back to Earth, where it flows downstream.  The circulation of the atmosphere by the process we call wind.  Energy can be extracted from the air using windmills.  Gravity can result in the drift of water as a result of gravity to drive turbines and generate electricity.  This is called hydroelectric energy.  These sources of energy are mostly renewable, but only locally, and usually non-polluting.

  ** nuclear fission reactions ***

  Radioactive uranium is concentrated and made into fuel rods that generate large amounts of heat as a result of radioactive decay.  This heat is used to convert water into steam.  The steam can then be expanded to run turbines and generate electricity.  Once proposed as a cheap, clean, and safe way to generate energy, nuclear power has come into a gap.  The cost of ensuring that nuclear power plants are clean and safe and the problem of disposal of radioactive waste, which are unsafe, as well as questions about the safety of plants under human care, have contributed to this perception.

  ** Energy in the interior of the Earth **

  The decay of radioactive elements has produced heat throughout Earth's history.  It is the heat that causes the temperature to increase with depth in the Earth and is responsible for the melting of mantle rocks to form magma.  Magmas can carry heat up into the crust.  Ground water circulating in the vicinity of firearms carries heat towards the surface.  If this hot water can be exploited, it can be used to heat homes directly, or if trapped at great depth under pressure it can be turned into steam to generate electricity  Will expand and drive a turbine.

 ** Energy storage in chemical bonds **

  The energy stored in chemical bonds drives chemical reactions.  This energy is either released or absorbed when reactions occur.  If it is absorbed, it is stored in a chemical bond for later use.  If it is released, it can produce useful heat energy.  Lightning, and Light.
  Hydrogen fuel cells are an example: a chemical reaction occurs in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen in an electrolyte bath to produce H2O, and releases electricity and heat.  The reaction is non-polluting, but currently has problems, such as the storage and distribution of safely stored hydrogen gas, and efficiently producing hydrogen.
  Biomass energy is another example.  This includes wood burning (a chemical reaction), or other organic by-products.  Such organic materials are produced by photosynthesis, a chemical process that receives energy from the sun and stores that energy until the material burns.

  **fossil fuel ***

 Biomass energy that is buried within the earth where it is stored until humans extract and burn it to extract energy.  These sources include petroleum (oil and natural gas), oil shale, tar sands and coal.  All of which will be one of the primary topics of our discussion.

 ## Geology and Energy Resources ##

  Exploitation, geological knowledge is required for human use of almost all the energy sources listed above.
  When using direct solar energy to heat water and homes, geophysical knowledge is not required, solar cells are built, as the material to build such cells requires knowledge of specific mineral reserves.  Wires (iron, copper, gold), batteries, (Li, Cd, Ni), and electric motors (Fe, Cu, rare earth elements) must all be extracted from the earth using geological knowledge.
  Hydroelectric energy requires geological knowledge to ensure that dams are built in areas where they will not degrade and harm human populations.
  Searching fossil fuels and geothermal energy definitely requires geological knowledge.

  Nuclear energy requires geologists to search for reserves of uranium to generate fuel, geologists have to find sites for nuclear power plants that will not collapse due to things like earthquakes, landslides, floods, or volcanic eruptions, and are safe.  Geologists are needed to help determine storage.  Sites for nuclear waste products.
  Then, the focus will be on fossil fuels here.


  The origin of fossil fuels, and biomass energy in general, begins with photosynthesis.  Photosynthesis is the most important chemical reaction for us as humans, because without it, we cannot exist.  Photosynthesis is the reaction that combines water and carbon dioxide with solar energy from the Earth and its atmosphere to form organic molecules that make plants and oxygen essential for respiration.  Because all life forms depend on plants for nutrition, either directly or indirectly, photosynthesis is the basis of life on Earth.  The chemical reaction is so important, that everyone should know it (the sign).




  Note that if the reaction moves in reverse, it produces energy.  Thus when oxygen is mixed with organic matter, it either decays through the reaction with oxygen in the atmosphere, or by adding oxygen directly to the burning, energy is produced, and water and carbon dioxide on Earth or its  Return to the atmosphere.

 ## Petroleum ##

  To produce a fossil fuel, organic matter must be rapidly buried in the earth so that it does not oxidize (react with oxygen in the atmosphere).  Then there are a series of slow chemical reactions that turn organic molecules into hydrocarbons - oil and natural gas, together called petroleum.  Hydrocarbons are complex organic molecules consisting of chains of hydrogen and carbon.
  Petroleum (oil and natural gas) contains many different hydrocarbons, but the most important of these is a group known as paraffin.

 ## lubricating oil, plastic ##

  When we remove petroleum containing these compounds and add oxygen to a furnace, stove or carburetor, the following reaction occurs:

  ## Formation of Petroleum ##

  The process of petroleum manufacturing involves several stages:

  Organic matter must be produced in very high quantities from organisms.

  This organic material must be rapidly buried before it is oxidized.

  Slow chemical reactions transform organic materials found in petroleum into hydrocarbons.

  The organic material that eventually becomes petroleum is derived from photosynthetic microbes, such as plankton and bacteria, which are originally deposited with clay in the oceans.  The resulting rocks are usually black shales that form petroleum source rock.
  As the black shadow is buried to a depth of 2 to 4 km.  This heating breaks down the organic matter into waxy kerogen.  Continuous heating of kerogen with different compounds in different temperature ranges breaks down -

  Oil and Gas - 90 ° to 160 ° C.
  Gas only - 160 ° to 250 ° C.
  Graphite -> 250 ° C.



  If the temperature exceeds the petroleum-forming window (90 to 150 ° C), only graphite forms, which is not a useful hydrocarbon.  Thus, oil is not formed during metamorphism, and old rocks that have been heated also lose their ability to become oil.

  Most oil and gas sources are not found in the rock.  Although black shales are found, it is difficult to extract oil from such rock.  Nature, however, separates oil and gas.  As a result of the compaction of petroleum-containing sediment, oil and natural gas are forced and run into the rock of the reservoir.

  ## Petroleum Reservoir ##

  Reservoir rock has a pore space between mineral grains (this is called a hole).  It is within this orifice space that fluids accumulate.  Sand and sandstones are the best reservoir rocks due to the vacant space around the porous sand grains.  Highly fragmented rock is also a good reservoir rock, as fractures provide a lot of open space.  Limestone, if it is often partially dissolved, also has a high porosity.
  Another essential property of reservoir rock is that it must have good permeability.  Permeability is the degree of interconnection between pores.  Low permeability means that liquids cannot easily flow into or out of the orifice locations.  Highly cemented sandstones, undressed limestones and dislodged rock have low permeability.
  Since oil and natural gas have a lower density than water, petroleum migrates upward.  It will continue to move upward and leach to the surface where it will oxidize, if it were not for some kind of trap that holds it in the earth until it is removed.

 ## grease trap##

  An oil or gas reserve needs to be trapped in a reservoir.  A trap is a geological configuration that holds oil and gas.  It should be called seal or caprock by impermeable rock, which prevents petroleum from escaping from the surface.  The discovery of petroleum reservoirs requires geologists to find traps and seal configurations where petroleum can be found.
  Oil traps can be divided into those that result from geological formations such as folds and faults, called structural traps, and that form as a result of stratified relationships between rock units, called stratigraphic traps  goes.  If petroleum has gone into a reservoir created by one of these nets, note that petroleum, like groundwater, will originate in rock pore locations.  Natural gas will be on top of the oil, which will cause excess water in the reservoir holes.  This is because the density of natural gas is lower than that of oil, which is lower than that of water.

 ## structural mesh ##

  Anticlines - If rocks of a permeable reservoir such as sandstone or limestone are sandwiched between impermeable rock layers such as shales or mudstones, and the rocks are turned into an anticline, upstream migration into petroleum permeable reservoir rocks  Can do, and the anticline will be in the hinge area.



  Since anticlimation in the subsurface can often be found by observing the orientation of rocks on the surface, petroleum was the first anticlinal trap to be exploited by geologists.
  Note that synclines will not form an oil trap (why?).

 ## Fault trap ##

  If faulting can separate permeable and impermeable rocks, so that permeable rocks always have impermeable rocks above them, an oil trap may form.  Note that both normal faults and reverse faults can form this type of oil trap.



  Since faults are frequently encountered on the Earth's surface, the locations of such traps can often be found by surface exploration.

  ## Salt Dome ##

 During the Jurassic period, the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin.  This results in high evaporation rates and deposition of a thick layer of salt at the bottom of the basin.  The salt was eventually covered with clastic sediment.  But salt has a lower density than most sediments and is more ductile than most sedimentary rocks.

  Density moved upward through sedimentary rocks in the form of salt sediment, due to its low density.  Salt infiltration deforms sedimentary strata along its margins, causing it to turn upward to form an oil trap.  Because some salt domes become close to the surface, surface sediments above the salt dome are often domed upward, making it easy to locate subsurface salt and possible oil trap locations.

  ## Stratigraphic Trap ##

  Disambiguation - An angular disambiguation can form a suitable oil trap if the layer above the disambiguation is impermeable rocks and the layer of permeable rocks is sandwiched between impermeable layers in the sloping layer below the disambiguation.



  This type of trap is more difficult to detect because disambiguation cannot be revealed on the Earth's surface.  Detection of such potential traps usually requires subsurface exploration techniques, such as drilling explorer wells or using seismic waves to see what the structure looks like.

 ## Lens Trap ##

  Layers of sand often form body-like lenses that pinch out.  If the rocks surrounding these lenses of sand are impermeable and deformation produced bent stripes, oil and natural gases may migrate into the sand bodies and be trapped by impermeable rocks.

  Such traps are also difficult to detect from the surface, and this requires subsurface exploration techniques.

 ## Petroleum Distribution ##

  Development of 4 facilities is necessary to create a petroleum reserve:

  ** formation of rock

  ** Formation of migration pathway so that petroleum can move upwards

 ** Filling of a suitable reservoir rock with petroleum.

  ** Development of an oil trap to prevent oil from escaping from the reservoir.

  Because these characteristics must develop in the specified order, the development of an oil reserve is geographically rare.  As a result, petroleum reserves are geographically limited.  The largest known reserves are currently in the Persian Gulf


  Although the distribution of petroleum reserves is wide, the lifespan of petroleum and reservoirs is somewhat limited.  Since older rocks have more time for eruptions or metamorphoses, most of the petroleum reservoirs are found in younger rocks.  Most petroleum is produced from rocks of the Cenozoic era, with less production from rocks of Mesozoic and Paleozoic age.

  ## Petroleum Exploration and Production ##

  The first petroleum reservoirs exploited by humans were found as a result of seepage on the surface.  In 1859 1 oil well was drilled in Titusville, PA.  Oil wells eased petroleum recovery and triggered an oil boom, and within years, 1,000 liters of oil wells were drilled.  It was soon realized that a systematic approach to oil exploration was necessary to prevent drilling holes.
  The first step is to make geologic maps of sedimentary rocks and structures.  Based on surface mapping and drill holes, geologic cross sections are created and such cross-sections often reveal structures and potential reservoir rocks that could then have been drilled.
  Soon geophysical techniques were developed to look beneath the surface and find reservoirs that could not be detected from the surface.  The most useful technique is seismic reflection profiling that can be done on both land at sea.  This technique involves generating seismic waves from small explosions on land or air cannons in water.  Seismic waves are reflected back to the surface from different rock interfaces below the surface and these reflected waves are detected by the receiver received by the geophone.  By moving the source and receiver along the surface, and detecting the pulse of each seismic wave, a cross section can be constructed that exposes potential reservoir rocks.  These segments are correlated with drill holes where geology is known,

  Once potential reservoir rocks are located, drilling from the surface attempts to tap into the reservoirs.  A diamond rotary bit replaces the rock to drill holes.  The high density drilling mud is then pumped to cool the drill bit and lift the rock cuttings.  Heavy sludge also helps prevent blowout.  On moving slightly, the open borehole becomes darker.  The drill pipe is connected by a drill derrick, a tower that stands above the surface.  Some derricks are mounted on offshore platforms and many of these platforms can drill multiple holes in multiple directions.

  When a petroleum reservoir is encountered, the drilling line and steel casing are inserted to line the holes and prevent collapse.  After the casing is removed, the well is pumped to recover oil and gas.

  Primary recovery uses reservoir pressure and pumping to extract oil, but is usually inefficient;  And enables recovery of only 30% of the oil.  Secondary retrieval methods are then used to extract as much of the remainder as possible.  Secondary recovery involves pumping liquids such as steam or CO2 to help the oil out.  Hydrofracting, sometimes using high pressure or explosives, can be used to artificially increase permeability and allow for more efficient extraction.

 *** Oil shawl and tar sand ***

  Oil shale is a shawl that contains abundant organic matter that has not completely decomposed to produce petroleum.  The oil can be extracted from the oil shales, but they must be heated to a high temperature to expel the oil.  Since this process requires a lot of energy, tapping oil shales is not currently cost-effective, but can occur as other petroleum sources are destroyed.  Known deposits of oil shale are widespread.

  Tar sands are sandstones that have a thick accumulation of viscous oil in pore locations.  The extraction of this oil also requires heating the rock and therefore it is energy intensive and is currently not effective.

 *** Coal***

  Coal is a sedimentary / metamorphic rock formed in marshes where there is a large accumulation of organic matter from plants.  As soon as the plants die, they are first beaten.  The compaction of peat, due to the closure of volatile components such as water and methane, eventually produces a dark colored organic-rich coal called lignite.  Further condensation and heating results in more carbon-rich coal known as bituminous coal.  If the rock is metamorphosed, a high grade coal called anthracite is produced.  However, if the temperature and pressure become too high, all the carbon is converted to graphite.  Graphite will burn only at high temperatures and is therefore not useful as an energy source.  Anthracite coal produces the most energy with less energy produced by burning coal and lignite.
  Coal is found in beds called seams, typically in thicknesses from 0.5 to 3 meters, although some seams reach up to 30 meters.  The major coal production period in geologic history was during the Carboniferous and Permian periods, the continents were apparently located near the equator and covered by shallow seas.  This type of environment favored vegetation and rapid burial growth for coal production.

  The known reserves of coal are higher than other fossil fuels, and may be our best bet for a future energy source.  Nevertheless, burning lower grades of coal, like lignite and bituminous coal, produces large amounts of waste products, such as SO2 and soot, which pollute the atmosphere.  This problem needs to be overcome before exploiting this source of energy more.

  Coal mining is still an aesthetically problem.  The seams near the surface are often striped and backfilled, leaving temporary marks on the landscape.  Deep coal seams are to be mined through tunnels, which are often destroyed, caught fire or exploded as a result of ignition of coal dust or methane.  Coal miners often suffer from black-lung disease from inhaled coal dust.

 ### Energy for the future ###

  Currently, society mostly relies on fossil fuels for energy (39% natural gas, 24% natural gas, 23% coal, 8% nuclear and 6% others).  Since fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy, at least in human lifetimes), we need to ask how long society can rely on this source.  Also, what are the options for the future?


   Uranium (for nuclear power) and coal appear most abundantly, while tar sands and oil flashes are currently economical.  Current known oil reserves will probably drain sometime between 2050 and 2150.
  We are currently consuming oil at the rate of 3 times to discover new resources.  Even in the context of 4,000 years of human history, the age of oil would be very short by only 150 to 200 years.
  If we can withstand the associated pollution then the coal reserves can remain for about 300 years.  Natural gas is cleaner and could possibly last for the next 200 years.  Nuclear seems like a good bet in terms of available resources, but can it be made cheaper, cleaner and safer?  Will the recent problems with nuclear reactors during March 11, 2011 impact the future of nuclear power?

  The tar sands and extract oil shale will require research to find more efficient ways to process, but it will be necessary to change the oil in the short term.

 ## renewable resources ##

  Wind energy is limited to areas with high coherent winds, and therefore to very specific regions.  To see windmills are not aesthetically pleasing, make a lot of noise and kill a large number of birds, all problems have to be overcome to expand this resource.

  For hydroelectric resources, they would be unlikely to increase, as most of the rivers are already damaged and some are left where new hydroelectric facilities can be built.

  Geothermal energy is limited to regions of known thermal activity (mainly recently active volcanic regions).  It is a great local resource, but will never play a major role as an energy resource.

  Solar energy is a large source, but exploiting it requires other resources (Li, rare earth elements).  Many of these problems can be overcome with the development of new research and new techniques.
  Another promising resource with rich resources of hydrogen fuel cell supply, but it requires research and technological development.

  Future energy resources have huge environmental, political and economic implications that can change the world order.  Nevertheless, geological aspects of energy resources will play a large role.

 ** What is renewable resource in simple language?

 A renewable resource is one that can be used repeatedly and does not exit because it is naturally replaced.  A renewable resource is, essentially, endless supplies such as solar power, wind power and geothermal pressure.  Other resources are considered renewable, even though some time or effort must go into their renewal (eg, wood, oxygen, leather, and fish).  Most precious metals are also renewable.  Although precious metals are not naturally replaced, they can be recycled because they do not perish during their extraction and use.


 A renewable resource is different from a nonrenewable resource;  A nonrecoverable resource is exhausted and cannot be recovered after use.  As the human population continues to grow, the demand for renewable resources increases.


 According to the Renewable Resources Coalition, an online publication of recent news, research and information on renewable energy and green life, overpopulation is one of the main contributors to environmental and natural resource issues.

 ## Types of Renewable Resources ##

 Natural resources are a form of equity, and are known as natural capital.  Energy made from biofuels, or renewable organic products, as an alternative energy source for nonresources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, has gained widespread popularity in recent years.  Although prices are still high for biofuels, increasing scarcity and supply and demand will lead to higher prices for fossil fuels, making biofuel prices more competitive.

 Types of biofuels include biodiesel, an alternative to oil and green diesel, made from algae and other plants.  Other renewable resources include oxygen and solar power.  Wind and water are also used to create renewable energy.  For example, a windmill exploits the natural power of the wind and converts it into energy.

 As the human population increases demand for renewable resources.

 Energy from renewable resources puts less pressure on the limited supply of fossil fuels, which are considered nonrenewable resources.

 Large-scale renewable resources are expensive to use, and more research is needed for their use to be cost-effective.

 ## global impact of renewable resources ##

 Renewable resources have become the focal point of the environmental movement both politically and economically.  Energy derived from renewable resources puts very little pressure on the limited supply of fossil fuels, which are inaccessible resources.  The problem with using renewable resources on a large scale is that they are expensive and, in most cases, require more research for their use to be cost effective.

 The adoption of sustainable energy is often due to a positive impact on the environment is said to be "green".  Energy sources such as fossil fuels harm the environment upon burning and contribute to global warming.  The first major international agreement to curb carbon dioxide emissions and global warming was the Kyoto Protocol, which was signed in 1997.  Recently, called the global powers to focus on high reliance on renewable resources for the reduction of emissions in Paris in 2015 and energy.

 ## non-renewable resources ##

 An immutable resource is a natural substance that is not replenished with the speed at which it is eaten.  It is a finite resource.

 Fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal are examples of nonrenewable resources.  Man is constantly attracted to the reserves of these substances, while it takes Ion to form new supplies.

 Renewable resources are the opposite: their supply naturally fills or can be constant.  The sunlight used in solar energy and the wind using wind turbine replenish themselves.  Timber reserves can be maintained through repetition

 Unreachable resources come from the earth.  Humans extract them in gas, liquid or solid form and then convert them primarily for their use related to energy.  It took billions of years to build up the stock of these substances, and billions of years to change the supply used.

 A nonrenewable resource is a substance that is being used more quickly than it can replace itself.  Its supply is finite.

 Most fossil fuels, minerals and metal ores non-resource.

 Renewable resources such as solar and wind energy and water are unlimited in supply.

 Economically, non-economic values ​​are resources of economic value that cannot be easily replaced by the speed with which they are being consumed.

 Examples of nonrenewable resources include crude oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium.  These are all resources that are processed into products that can be used commercially.

 For example, the fossil fuel industry extracts crude oil from the ground and converts it into gasoline.  Fossil fuel fluids are also refined into petrochemical products used as materials in the manufacture of literally hundreds of products from plastics and polyurethane to solvents.

 ## Fossil Fuels vs Nonrenewables # 

 Fossil fuels are all inaccessible.  But not all nonrenewables are fossil fuels.  Crude oil, natural gas and coal are considered fossil fuels, but uranium is not.  Rather, it is a heavy metal that is extracted as a solid and then converted into a fuel source by nuclear power plants.


 In the language of economics, nonrenewables are resources that cannot be replaced by the speed with which they are being consumed.

 All these inaccessible resources have historically proved valuable energy sources that are inexpensive to extract.  Storage, conversion, and shipping are easy and cheap.

 Nonvej made of qualified resources fuels are still the primary source of all electricity generated in the world, due to their affordability and high energy content.

 ## Other Types of Unreachable Resources ##

 Most inaccessible resources are made up of organic carbon materials that heat up and compress over time, turning their form into crude oil or natural gas.

 The term unproven resource also means minerals and metals from the earth, such as gold, silver, and iron.  These are equally formed from a long-term geological processes.  They are often expensive for me, as they are usually deep within the earth's crust.  But they are much more abundant than fossil fuels.

 Some types of groundwater are considered nonrenewable resources if unable to reclaim the aquifer at the same rate at which it is drained.

 *** renewable growth ***

 Following the basic law of supply and demand, the cost of acquiring non-resources will increase, as they become scarce.  The supply of many of these fuels is in danger of running full.  Eventually, their prices will bump to a point that may not force end users to move towards alternative energy sources.

 Meanwhile, concerns over the impact of fossil fuel use on the environment and its contribution to global warming are increasing.  Climate is the first international agreement on fighting change was the Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997.

 One caveat is that the option requires sufficient lead time.  That process has started slowly.  Wind energy generated about 6.3% of US electrical energy in 2017.  By the end of 2017, about 1.6% of US electricity was supplied by solar power.  Plug-in electric vehicles had a market share of over 2% in 2018